Writing a college paper
Wednesday, September 2, 2020
Mplementing PACS and RIS system in radiology department in Amiri Assignment
Mplementing PACS and RIS framework in radiology office in Amiri emergency clinic in Kuwait - Assignment Example The frameworks were additionally focused on decidedly affecting the departmentââ¬â¢s capacity to manage programming and equipment gives that had been a significant hindered in the division for a long time. PACS and RIS framework were acquainted in Amiri with check the whole frameworks for mistakes and reinforcements, to introduce IMPAX workstations and RIS customers, to arrange and alter AGFA items necessities and to have extra modalities to RIS and PACs (Bushong, 1997, p. 67) By actualizing the RIS and PACS framework, the radiology division of Amiri emergency clinic will be in a situation to take arrangements for various particularity like CT check, angiography MRI m Ultrasound and fluoroscopy. Before the finish of the usage procedure, the framework will be best positioned to connect the entire Amiri emergency clinic framework and will handily process all the medical clinic staff and patients all the more so radiology and radiologists pecialistsââ¬â¢ data. Following the long, inconvenient and upsetting experience by patients and the staff in the Amiri radiology division because of the old procedure that the medical clinic was utilizing which end up being tedious and demanding, the administration needed to look for acknowledge choices like the RIS, HIS and the PACs frameworks (Bushong, 1997, p. 83). By executing the PACS and RIS framework effectively, the emergency clinic would have liked to achieve most extreme productivity of the two frameworks. The involvement with the emergency clinic is relied upon to be effective and charming after the execution. PACS and RIS will be capable expand CR and DR impacts to meet the current radiology desires. The usage of PACs and RIS is required to get a few protests from the staff after the presentation yet this will change when the execution is completely finished effectively guaranteeing the medical clinic and particularly the radiology division is on the ideal track. At the point when applied
Wednesday, August 26, 2020
Nadia Diaz Essays (366 words) - Neuropsychology, Psychology
Nadia Diaz Educator Definition Analysis Attribution process-the consistency of the on-screen character's conduct (Does the person consistently carry on as such, in different circumstances, and at different occasions?), agreement (Do others act similarly in a similar circumstance?), as well as the uniqueness of the activity (Is the individual the just one to act thusly?) My def-is the place an individual clarifies the reasons for conduct and occasions Ex-When my sister was carrying on in light of the fact that she needed treats for a bite despite the fact that she had quite recently completed the process of having lunch and I needed to disclose to my folks why she was pitching a fit in the kitchen Psychological recluses we are continually searching for approaches to preserve intellectual vitality My def-is a social brain research hypothesis that essentially states how people find various methods of sparing time and exertion while haggling with individuals on the planet. Ex: My sister attempting to haggle with my mom so she could play computer games, her proposition was that in the event that she did every one of her tasks AND vacuumed everybody's room would she be able to, at that point play computer games. My mother's answer was still no Confining whether an issue or choice is introduced so that it seems to introduce the potential for a misfortune or for an increase. My def: contingent upon how an issue or a choice is introduced to others so that potential it could either be a misfortune or an addition. Ex: Asking my folks on the off chance that I can go to Temecula with my sweetheart for the afternoon, yet in addition giving them the upsides and downsides of them coming to get me a while later. For instance, after they shot in the arm my mother can go to her preferred art store or to the shopping center to search for the infant Weakening impact the propensity for unbiased and unimportant data to debilitate a judgment or impression My def: Someone says something of significance yet you tend to utilize nonpartisan or unimportant data to debilitate the judgment of others Ex: My 13-yr. old sister needing to go to the sea shore with companions yet I repudiate it with unimportant data that winds up irritating her and she quits talking
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Moderate Drinking Essays - Alcohol Abuse, Drinking Culture, Alcohol
Moderate Drinking Moderate Drinking Liquor addiction is a genuine subject that identifies with everybody in our general public. The subject of whether liquor abuse ought to be permitted or not, structures a contention whether liquor whenever drank with some restraint is useful for recuperation or not. Numerous individuals drink with some restraint to control their drinking issues, yet the counter contention says its addictive. Not exclusively are they decimating their liver, yet they are likewise facing a challenge of getting in a difficult situation by the law. There are a ton of issues that surface about drinking, yet perhaps these individuals can not stop one day to the following. It doesnt make them terrible individuals in the event that they are attempting to stop by drinking with some restraint. It appears that in our general public, an individual is either a social consumer or a heavy drinker. In some cases individuals drink to alleviate nervousness over connections, work, and cash. There are a ton of hazard factors that go with drinking liquor, for example, nervousness, pressure, disintegration, spewing, liver sickness, and suspension of menses in ladies, yet that is the reason there is such an incredible concept as drinking with some restraint. Drinking with some restraint comprises of close to one beverage daily for ladies and close to two beverages per day for men. What is one beverage? ? 1.5 ounces of refined spirits (80 proof) ? 5 ounces of wine ? 12 ounces of normal brew For whatever length of time that liquor is devoured tolerably, a portion of the disarranges that are brought about by drinking will be to the least extent liable to happen. At the point when individuals look for help from customary liquor misuse treatment frameworks, they are quickly marked as a heavy drinker and told they should stop liquor by and large. It is no big surprise that numerous individuals keep on over beverage. They are stuck between a treatment framework that says, we are feeble casualties of illness and unequipped for changing behavior(Gilliam 17). Acquainted with these conviction and treatment frameworks, individuals don't look for help when they find they have an issue with overdrinking. On the off chance that individuals were offered a progressively moderate way to deal with their difficult drinking, they would look for help prior and have a superior opportunity to direct their drinking and abstain from turning into a drunkard. Most consumers don't have a hereditary inclination for liquor abuse. They build up a savoring issue reaction to the good and bad times of every day life. Most consumers experience the ill effects of long stretches of liquor maltreatment before they go too far to liquor abuse. On the off chance that individuals drink light it can decrease pressure and the danger of coronary illness. Reasonable liquor utilization can factor into longer future. Moderate consumers have likewise been appeared to outlast overwhelming consumers. On the opposite side of the contention, society grumbles that the legitimate liquor utilization should be halted. They grumble without understanding the motivation behind why individuals expend liquor. The purposes for expending liquor could be issues that the individual is having in their life. The alcoholic needs to get over liquor addiction however it just requires some investment. Specialists don't have a clue about the genuine motivation behind why heavy drinkers drink. Studies demonstrate numerous individuals drink mixed refreshments to escape from pressures, dissatisfactions, and tensions. A few people handle regular strains by creating mental resistances. The alcoholic resistance for day by day stress is low to such an extent that the person in question retreats to liquor as a medication for alleviation. The alcoholic for the most part accepts that just by drinking liquor would he be able to make his life endurable. Despite the fact that these reasons cause the normal alcoholic to appear as an awful individual, Doctor Boshes accepts the person who is a drunkard has vicious responses when he can't acquire the typical measures of alcohol(Bender 66). This is the motivation behind why drinking with some restraint assumes a significant job as far as possible of liquor addiction for a heavy drinker. Amy Alcotts feeling is that liquor abuse is a mind boggling jumble for which a mix of medicines might be vital for recuperation. In the event that the alcoholic is in the intense period of liquor abuse and is experiencing difficulties, for example, wooziness tremens or genuine medical issues, hospitalization might be vital. We can not cause a heavy drinker to submit oneself to recovery(Bender 89). A few specialists propose that relatives may impact the alcoholic by not supporting drinking exercises, by looking for treatment for themselves, and by not participating in the heavy drinkers disavowal of the issue. Liquor abuse is some of the time thought of as a
The Unbearable Lightness of Being
Most works of fiction get from chronicled occasions. Along these lines, for anybody to comprehend a specific work of writing, he/she must be comfortable with its recorded setting. ââ¬Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Beingâ⬠is a novel set in Czechoslovak. This implies it would support the peruser on the off chance that he/she has a comprehension of Czechoslovakââ¬â¢s history.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Unbearable Lightness of Being explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Milan Kundera the writer of this book can't help contradicting this thought. The creator keeps up that the occasions that unfold in his novel don't really mirror the historical backdrop of Czechoslovak. Regardless of whether this was the situation, there is as yet an irrefutable connection among history and fiction in ââ¬Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Beingâ⬠. This paper will investigate this relationship in an itemized way. Kundera, the creator of ââ¬Å"Th e Unbearable Lightness of Beingâ⬠has recently excused the idea that all history can be clarified reasonably. The creator had survived the autocracy of the Soviet Union. As he would like to think, the absurdities and brutalities he experienced when this system came to compel, couldn't be clarified normally. For example, he scrutinized the drive behind Russiaââ¬â¢s offer for global control. His contention was that there were no earlier occasions or conditions that could help clarify the basis behind Russiaââ¬â¢s activities. The creator accepts history is essentially made of existential circumstances. Following the authorââ¬â¢s perspective, there is an approach to depict Soviet Czechoslovak existentially. It very well may be characterized by its area, political circumstance, chronicled foundation, socialist impact, and culture. In this manner, the conditions looked by the majority of the characters in ââ¬Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Beingâ⬠correspond with the ab ove definitions. For example, accommodation to Soviet position, departure from political bigotry, and self-oust are on the whole conditions that can be effortlessly identified with Czechoslovakââ¬â¢s history. In his book, Kundera noticed that incase the French Revolution was to happen once more, Robespierreââ¬â¢s commitment would be undermined. This is on the grounds that the conditions encompassing this upset have been disparaged by creators and history specialists. Kundera jests that ââ¬Å"years of insurgency have transformed into unimportant words, speculations, and discussionsâ⬠¦frightening no oneâ⬠(Kundera 4). The creator isn't right by making this supposition. Robespierre isn't dead and gone. The main thing Robespierre has done is to expect various structures. To some he is a legend but then to others he is a startling lowlife who circumvents cutting off peopleââ¬â¢s heads. At whatever point a chronicled strife is finished, the individuals who come after it has happened can just move toward it from a recorded perspective.Advertising Looking for paper on writing dialects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The equivalent is valid for the Czechoslovak in ââ¬Å"The Unbearable Lightnessâ⬠. The creator had a firsthand involvement in the circumstance when it occurred. In this way, his ââ¬Å"fictionâ⬠can't be compared to that of a todayââ¬â¢s creator on a similar subject. This is likely why Kundera felt that writing and history couldn't be good. For example, the creator feels that writing either exaggerates or downplays history. His case that Robespierre is two unique substances is justifiable. The Robespierre who ââ¬Å"occurs just a single time in historyâ⬠is extremely difficult to find (Kundera 4). In any case, numerous different varieties of the character just misdirect genuine history. Kundera contends that one can't depend on fiction to be a precise portrayal o f history. This is on the grounds that when everyone is caught up with denouncing the individuals who connived with the Nazi, another variety of the ââ¬Å"Naziâ⬠is as of now under development. The main contrast is that fiction and history can't remember it as it occurs. All the principle characters in this novel can likewise identify with history over the span of their ââ¬Å"lightnessâ⬠. The primary character, Tomas, is a specialist who carries on with his life through a dubious good code. Tereza, the lady he hence experiences passionate feelings for likewise battles with her daintiness of being. Sabina, Tomasââ¬â¢ escort is a free vivacious lady who later is isolated with the pair. All these charactersââ¬â¢ lives are upset by the occasions that come to pass in Czechoslovak. At whatever point a creator makes characters, he/she does as such by either drawing from individual encounters or by derivation. Thusly, all things considered, Kunderaââ¬â¢s characters were sourced from his own encounters. This would straightforwardly infer that they have some importance comparable to his history. The characters in this novel are interlaced with the thoughts of delicacy and weight. These thoughts are created in extraordinary profundity all through the book. The way of thinking behind ââ¬Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Beingâ⬠was something the writer more likely than not experienced around the time this book was distributed. In the event that this was the situation, this way of thinking no doubt had a few connections to the historical backdrop of the time. This is genuine on the grounds that different creators during this period additionally tended to this way of thinking of weight and daintiness. All things considered, there are sure factors that made this way of thinking important in Czechoslovak around then. This would tie the topic of this book to the historical backdrop of this nation. At the point when Joseph Stalin kicked the bucket, the c ircumstance in the Soviet Union started to change. The existent extremist authority began to unwind step by step. During this time, open fights that were testing the approaches of the Soviet Union started rising. This interest for change went to a peak when a pioneer of the Communist Party in Czechoslovak was ousted in 1967. Alexander Dubcek supplanted the toppled pioneer and quickly started a battle to change policies.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Unbearable Lightness of Being explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This rush of changes proceeded until the Soviet tanks attacked Prague in 1968. Before long, the extremist approaches started being reestablished. Kundera was himself against an extremist government. ââ¬Å"The Jokeâ⬠is a novel distributed by Kundera and it highlighted unobtrusive reactions of socialism. He was additionally contradicted to the restriction utilized by the framework. At a certain point, he encouraged his kind red journalists not to submit to control. Moreover, he was a functioning individual from scholarly gatherings that challenged the Soviet guideline. The Soviet Union reacted to Kunderaââ¬â¢s activities by disavowing his distributing rights. The specialists additionally allowed him to go on a self-oust. He in the long run went to a self-banish in France where he kept on composing. He later credited his self-outcast to sadness. Prior to this second intrusion of 1967, the war against tyranny was nearly won. Be that as it may, when the military tanks appeared, the expectation of regularly picking up opportunity melted away. It is obvious that the worries communicated in ââ¬Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Beingâ⬠are intelligent of the circumstance in Czechoslovak during the 1960s. During this period, the Soviet Unionââ¬â¢s grasp on Czechoslovak was too solid to even consider being tested. This may have provoked a few people to do not have their significance of presence. Hence, as the greater part of Kunderaââ¬â¢s characters, most residents were encountering the ââ¬Å"unbearable gentility of beingâ⬠. Besides, much the same as in the book some of them fled while others decided to battle this inclination. During when Soviet Unionââ¬â¢s rule thrived in Czechoslovak, the discussion on self-oust was overflowing. There were the individuals who felt that as opposed to banishing themselves, they had the choice of remaining behind and battling. The contention behind this activity was that by leaving, one lost his/her credibility. There were likewise the individuals who felt that it was conceivable to proceed with the battle in any event, when they were in a state of banishment. Kundera appears to legitimize his decision to go to banish through this book. He confronted counter contentions from his kindred brains at the time like Jan Patocka and Vaclav Havel. The two were against self-oust. It has been contended that ââ¬Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Be ingâ⬠was a support of Kunderaââ¬â¢s individual decisions. At the point when this inquiry was sent to the writer, he conceded that the characters in this book speak to his ââ¬Å"unrealized possibilitiesâ⬠. In any case, he rushed to explain that the book isn't using any and all means a ââ¬Å"confessionâ⬠yet an examination concerning the human life. This contention demonstrates that the circumstance in Czechoslovak had a gigantic effect on the topic of this book. ââ¬Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Beingâ⬠is a substantial response to verifiable occasions. Kunderaââ¬â¢s convictions were themselves vigorously affected by conditions ever. The creator was apparently mindful of the suggestions history had on his writing. This is the reason he contended that occasions in history ought not bargain any individualââ¬â¢s ability to settle on all around educated decisions. The creator contends that overreliance in history can lead individuals to imperfect judgment s.Advertising Searching for paper on writing dialects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The fiction utilized in this book is firmly identified with verifiable realities. The creator utilizes this relationship to help show that in any event, when looked by gentility of being, one can in any case accomplish realness. The book emphatically proposes that validness can't be tried by either abuse or autocracy (Kundera 224). The creator of this novel attempts to abstain from being attached to recorded realities. Be that as it may, he despite everything figures out how to convey the realities about daintiness of being while at the same time inclining toward history Works
Friday, August 21, 2020
Fire Tornado Project
Fire Tornado Project A fire tornado structures when fire is up to speed in a vortex. Fire tornadoes or fire demons happen normally in certain rapidly spreading fires, however you can make a little scope fire tornado yourself. Heres how: Fire Tornado Materials So as to deliver a fire tornado, youll need a wellspring of fire and the capacity to make an air vortex or hurricane. The fire tornado is made by putting a compartment of fire onto a turning surface. A chamber of work or screening powers the air into a segment to compel air into a vortex. sluggish susan or table or seat that can turn freelycontainer of fire (e.g., flame resistant bowl containing bits of wipe sprinkled with lighter liquid or alcohol)cylinder of wire work or screen with breadth to fit outside the fire bowl. Make the work chamber by rolling a sheet of metal window screening or chicken wire into a cylinder. Be certain the cylinder is sufficiently wide to fit around the compartment youll be utilizing for fire. Staple the parts of the bargains to make sure about it into a round and hollow shape. Make the Fire Tornado Practice this set-up without touching off the fire to be certain your compartment wont go turning off. Its a smart thought to make sure about the bowl and screen cylinder to the sluggish susan with tape or paste so it wont go taking off when you turn the fire. Its likewise a smart thought to have a fire douser helpful, in the event of some unforeseen issue. Set the flame resistant bowl in the focal point of the languid susan. Secure the base so the bowl will stay stable when spun.Place the wipe with lighter liquid into the bowl.Set the metal work chamber around the bowl. Check whether you can turn the apathetic susan without occurrence. You may need to make sure about the cylinder.Once you are sure of your set-up, touch off the fire in the bowl and gradually begin turning the languid susan. See a video of this venture or make a green fire tornado. Disclaimer: Please try to remain exhorted that the substance gave by our site is to EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Firecrackers and the synthetic substances contained inside them are hazardous and ought to consistently be maneuvered carefully and utilized with good judgment. By utilizing this site you recognize that ThoughtCo., its parent About, Inc. (a/k/a Dotdash), and IAC/InterActive Corp. will have no risk for any harms, wounds, or other legitimate issues brought about by your utilization of firecrackers or the information or use of the data on this site. The suppliers of this substance explicitly don't support utilizing firecrackers for problematic, risky, illicit, or damaging purposes. You are answerable for adhering to every single appropriate law before utilizing or applying the data gave on this site.
Thursday, August 20, 2020
Support The Minimalists
Support The Minimalists Contribute Per Podcast via Subscribe Now Contribute One Time via Donate Now Why Contribute? We refuse to take money from advertisers because, letâs face it, most advertisements suck. Since we wont clutter our website or podcast with ads, our work is 100% audience-supported. There are two ways to support The Minimalists: subscribe via Patreon, or donate via PayPal. Patreon Subscription Bonuses The best way to support The Minimalists is by becoming a Patreon subscriber. As a patron, you get exclusive access to The Minimalists Private Podcast, which includes our weekly Maximal episodes with material thats entirely different from our regular public podcast. Once you become a patron, youll receive a personal link to our private podcast feed so it plays in your favorite podcast app. Patrons can also get private access to a video version of our Maximal episodes, as well as monthly Ask The Minimalists video QA sessions and unreleased recordings of future live events. Other Ways to Support If you dont want to contribute on a regular basis via Patreon, you can make a one-time donation to The Minimalists via PayPal. If you cant afford to contribute monetarily, you can leave a review on Apple Podcasts. Those reviews help our message reach more ears. However you support our creations, we appreciate you. Thank you for helping us create something meaningful. Sincerely, Joshua Ryan Contribute Per Podcast via Subscribe Now Contribute One Time via Donate Now
Sunday, May 31, 2020
The Usefulness Of Liquidity Credit And Market Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example
This essay explores empirically the usefulness of liquidity risk, credit risk and market risk as risk measures indicators to explain whether German banks riskier than European competitors or not. The sample of reference entities consist of all German banks and eleven European banks and the observation cover the period from1994 to 2008. Using a unique dataset available in Bangor university blackboard website that relates to various characteristics of the individual banks operating in a twelve European Union countries, after dividing the period into three terms the first one started from 1994 to 1998 (before the establishing the European Union), the second started from 1999 to 2005 (after joining to European Union and before the last financial crisis) and the third term started from 2006 till 2008(during that crisis). By analysing the t-test hypothesis of three risk mean sources; liquidity risk, credit risk and market risk, we gain important insights into the German banks risk compared with European banks. We compare the risk using three measures for liquidity, credit and the market risk. We find evidence that the liquidity risk for German banks during all terms was higher than European competitors and the credit risk was lower in German banks except in the first term, while in the market risk they are in lower exposure through all terms. However, German banks rely on loan loss provision as the source of liquidity to face the demand of withdrawal of their customers. Introduction: Germany is one of a large diversified modern economy based on gross domestic product (GDP) and is the largest country in the European Union (EU). But currently the German economy start to decline significantly in the fourth quarter of 2008 and recovery is not expected until late 2011. Germany is a member of the European Union and one of the original eleven countries to adopt the euro as its currency in 1999. In addition to the easing of monetary policy being done with the cutting of interest rates by the European Central Bank, the German government is using expansionary fiscal policy to aid the economy. The government has passed two stimulus packages, one in the fourth quarter of 2008 and one in the first quarter of 2009. Available on AMB Country Risk Report 13Augest (2009). Germany has the second largest banking sector by size in Europe. Germany banking sector focus on long-term lending and accounts for just under one-third of all banks in the euro area has largest number of br anches and is the largest employers of any European banking sectors Dà ¼llmann Sosinska (2007). A securities market may play a role to provide liquidity to investors whose risk and costs are therefore reduced. Furthermore, by vying for investors capital, stock markets increase competition for banks, therefore, stock markets and banks may also complement each other. On the other hand, unlike European economy, German economy depend on banks more than stock market because the bank provide long-term loans and prefer to keep higher ratio of loan loss provision instead using securitization. In this essay, we consider that a credit risk, liquidity risk and securities market may play important role to assistance the banks risk which market represented by the market risk faces possible liquidity shortages. We examine which of these two institutions best prevents a banks liquidity shortages while allowing the optimal allocation of the banks resources. Indeed, although the bank is able to avoid liquidity shortages by keeping a high proportion of cash (loan loss provision) in its balance sheet and in the same time this reserve use to avoid credit risk. In addition the bank gain a profit from lending money to investors which are affected by credit risk, therefore credit risk drive to liquidity risk and market risk, then each one of these risk lead to others risk. Then by applying mean average of these type of risks to explain Germany banks riskier than non-Germany banks Franck, Krausz, available online 19 January (2005). Literature: The following literatures focus on three important elements which represent the performance and risk taken by German banks as a unique banks structure. A study has done by Hayden at al (2007) investigated the performance of 983 German banks from 1996 to 2002. The study tried to find out the relation between the portfolio diversification on the bank and the bank performance across different countries, rejoins, and industries. Value- at risk based risk variable has calculated. The regression model has set to answer three questions which are: first, Does diversification decreases or increases the bank profitability? Second, are there any changes in the relationship accrue after correcting for risk. Does the changes in diversification and return dependent on the risk level? The study found weak evidence between diversification and the bank profitability. They find almost banks in the sample with a higher diversification have a lower return. Kakes at al (2002) analyses the effect of monetary shocks on German lending banks channel. They investigate six different banking groups by following across-sector approach. The study found that, smaller banks hold enough liquid of asset protects those small banks from monetary shocks. Also they investigate the response of banks lending after a monetary shocks, and they found that: the bank lending is vary across banking sectors. The big banks tend to be able to protect their loans portfolio against this monetary shock because it takes high proportion of loan loss provision. Whereas, small banks lending have a sharp decline. Another study conducted by Beck at al (2009), the study investigated the bank ownership and stability: Evidence from German banks. Banks ownership in Germany have three different types which are government-owned savings banks, cooperative banks and privately- owned banks. The sample was taken from the period 1995 to 2007. Using Z- score and NPL-score and distress probability, they conclude that wi th privately-owned banks in Germany are more risky than cooperative and savings, but also higher returns. They found some evidence for the too-big-to-fail phenomenon, privately-owned banks decreasing their capital buffer as they grow larger. Overall, the findings gave important insights for supervisors and regulators in charge of banks of different ownership types, especially of applying different stability indexes, as they might give different results, depending on if they focus on, different moments of the distribution or particular risks, example lending risks. Data: The sample of reference entities consist of individual banks and the observation cover the period from1994 to 2008 for a twelve European countries which are Germany, Italy, France, Greece, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Finland, Belgium, Austria, Portugal, Ireland, and Spain. The data is available from Bangor university blackboard website. In our study we used three variables from the available data to measure the risk for German banks (about 2640 banks) and European banks (about 2515 banks). Methodology: The purpose here is to measure three types of risks; liquidity risk, credit risk and market risk. In order to measure the liquidity risk we use the liquid variable which represents a ratio of liquid assets to total assets, this ratio is useful to determine the size of liquid assets to total asset which can be converted into cash quickly, and it reflects the liquidity position of the bank. On the other hand we used the llpl variable which represents the loan loss provision to total loans ratio that captures the credit risk of the banks, it is helpful because it reflects the banks ability to recover its default loans (Hlawatsch Ostrowski 2009).while in measuring market risk we used the ratio: { 1-(equity + deposits)/total assets} as the third variable, it represents the market proportion in financing assets in the bank (i.e. if the bank want to increase finance we use three type of sources equity, deposit and market by borrowing from other banks) , it is an indirect measure but stil l it gives us a clear idea about the effect of market risk in the bank . When dealing with the data we chose to divide the period from 1994 to 2008 into three intervals, this segmentation meant to take into account tow major actions that may result in having effects on the European banks; the first action is the establishment of the European Union in 1999 and the second is the last financial crisis that start from united states and hit all over the world. Therefore we had an interval from 1994 to 1998, followed by an interval from 1999 to 2005 and from 2006 to 2008. We investigated all data under our chosen variables. After that we calculate the average values of our variables for every bank during the specified period and compare the mean of the averages between German banks and European banks (Non German) for every period. We preferred to calculate the average value for bank per se in sake of getting more smooth distribution for the tow populations. Then we exclude outliers using the simple classical approach to screen them by using the Standard Deviation method, it is defined as: 2 SD Method: x Ãâà ± 2 SD; the observations outside these intervals are considered as an outliers (Songwon Seo 2006). And then we run unpaired T-test (one tail) to check the equivalence of the means for the two populations (German banks and non German banks) for every variable in the three determined period, we assumed that both populations will approximately follow the normal distribution for the reason of large size of our sample, and we got unequal variances between populations for all variables in the periods so we operate T-test with unpaired and unequal conditions in order to get a valid test (Stata 10 Ãâà produces Satterthwaites or Welchs approximation for the degree of freedom). As well as the two populations are independent. Results and Discussions: Based on Stata result, first we describe the data (see table 1) and then we run T-test for independent samples with unequal variances (we test the variances equivalence using F-test). For all tests we run we have the null hypothesis that says both populations are equal in the mean of the specified measure of the risk. First we test the credit risk using llpl ratio during the three intervals, in the first period we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that means the mean average of loan loss provision to total assets for German banks is significantly less than the mean of European banks(see table2), and also in the following two periods we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that says the mean of loan loss provision for German banks is significantly greater than European banks(see tables 45). Second we test the liquidity risk using liquid ratio during the same periods, for the three tests we reject the null hypothesis and acce pt the alternative hypothesis that declares the mean of liquid assets to total assets in German banks is significantly less than the mean of European banks(see tables 567). Finally we test the market risk using the proportion of the market (interbank market) in the total assets and for three tests we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative that provide the mean of market proportion in German banks assets is significantly less than the mean of European banks (see tables 8910). The mean values of three risk measures across the three periods are stated in the following table (values are in percentages): German banks: period Before the European integration After the European integration an before last financial crisis During the last financial crisis Risk measure Loan loss provision to total loans .8403876 .7747105 1.005803 Liquid assets to total assets 14.90594 15.40948 17.46113 Market proportion in the total assets . .0756065 .0697405 .0690318 For European banks: period Before the European integration After the European integration an before last financial crisis During the last financial crisis Risk measure Loan loss provision to total loans 1.457796 1.005803 .5611184 Liquid assets to total assets 37.15308 30.54644 30.0822 Market proportion in the total assets .1314926 .1672181 .1185017 Conclusion: According to the above explanation German banks have higher liquidity risk than European competitors while they are less exposure to the credit risk especially during the last financial crisis, except in the period before the European integration was more risky than European competitors. In addition, German banks are less exposure to the market risk, that means European competitors are depend on market finance, hence the German banks they face less risky from the market risk (this case refers to the high regulation by the state particularly after European integration when the competition increased). My opinion, German banks are not riskier than European competitors because its focus on long-term loans that is possible to face difficult to liquidate asset, but this problem solved by taking large proportion of loan loss provision to compensate any credit risk and liquidity risk, because credit default lead to liquidation asset. However, the current literature as we discuses above suggest that Germany me face some economic problems.
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