The Usefulness Of Liquidity Credit And Market Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

This essay explores empirically the usefulness of liquidity risk, credit risk and market risk as risk measures indicators to explain whether German banks riskier than European competitors or not. The sample of reference entities consist of all German banks and eleven European banks and the observation cover the period from1994 to 2008. Using a unique dataset available in Bangor university blackboard website that relates to various characteristics of the individual banks operating in a twelve European Union countries, after dividing the period into three terms the first one started from 1994 to 1998 (before the establishing the European Union), the second started from 1999 to 2005 (after joining to European Union and before the last financial crisis) and the third term started from 2006 till 2008(during that crisis). By analysing the t-test hypothesis of three risk mean sources; liquidity risk, credit risk and market risk, we gain important insights into the German banks risk compared with European banks. We compare the risk using three measures for liquidity, credit and the market risk. We find evidence that the liquidity risk for German banks during all terms was higher than European competitors and the credit risk was lower in German banks except in the first term, while in the market risk they are in lower exposure through all terms. However, German banks rely on loan loss provision as the source of liquidity to face the demand of withdrawal of their customers. Introduction: Germany is one of a large diversified modern economy based on gross domestic product (GDP) and is the largest country in the European Union (EU). But currently the German economy start to decline significantly in the fourth quarter of 2008 and recovery is not expected until late 2011. Germany is a member of the European Union and one of the original eleven countries to adopt the euro as its currency in 1999. In addition to the easing of monetary policy being done with the cutting of interest rates by the European Central Bank, the German government is using expansionary fiscal policy to aid the economy. The government has passed two stimulus packages, one in the fourth quarter of 2008 and one in the first quarter of 2009. Available on AMB Country Risk Report 13Augest (2009). Germany has the second largest banking sector by size in Europe. Germany banking sector focus on long-term lending and accounts for just under one-third of all banks in the euro area has largest number of br anches and is the largest employers of any European banking sectors DÃ ¼llmann Sosinska (2007). A securities market may play a role to provide liquidity to investors whose risk and costs are therefore reduced. Furthermore, by vying for investors capital, stock markets increase competition for banks, therefore, stock markets and banks may also complement each other. On the other hand, unlike European economy, German economy depend on banks more than stock market because the bank provide long-term loans and prefer to keep higher ratio of loan loss provision instead using securitization. In this essay, we consider that a credit risk, liquidity risk and securities market may play important role to assistance the banks risk which market represented by the market risk faces possible liquidity shortages. We examine which of these two institutions best prevents a banks liquidity shortages while allowing the optimal allocation of the banks resources. Indeed, although the bank is able to avoid liquidity shortages by keeping a high proportion of cash (loan loss provision) in its balance sheet and in the same time this reserve use to avoid credit risk. In addition the bank gain a profit from lending money to investors which are affected by credit risk, therefore credit risk drive to liquidity risk and market risk, then each one of these risk lead to others risk. Then by applying mean average of these type of risks to explain Germany banks riskier than non-Germany banks Franck, Krausz, available online 19 January (2005). Literature: The following literatures focus on three important elements which represent the performance and risk taken by German banks as a unique banks structure. A study has done by Hayden at al (2007) investigated the performance of 983 German banks from 1996 to 2002. The study tried to find out the relation between the portfolio diversification on the bank and the bank performance across different countries, rejoins, and industries. Value- at risk based risk variable has calculated. The regression model has set to answer three questions which are: first, Does diversification decreases or increases the bank profitability? Second, are there any changes in the relationship accrue after correcting for risk. Does the changes in diversification and return dependent on the risk level? The study found weak evidence between diversification and the bank profitability. They find almost banks in the sample with a higher diversification have a lower return. Kakes at al (2002) analyses the effect of monetary shocks on German lending banks channel. They investigate six different banking groups by following across-sector approach. The study found that, smaller banks hold enough liquid of asset protects those small banks from monetary shocks. Also they investigate the response of banks lending after a monetary shocks, and they found that: the bank lending is vary across banking sectors. The big banks tend to be able to protect their loans portfolio against this monetary shock because it takes high proportion of loan loss provision. Whereas, small banks lending have a sharp decline. Another study conducted by Beck at al (2009), the study investigated the bank ownership and stability: Evidence from German banks. Banks ownership in Germany have three different types which are government-owned savings banks, cooperative banks and privately- owned banks. The sample was taken from the period 1995 to 2007. Using Z- score and NPL-score and distress probability, they conclude that wi th privately-owned banks in Germany are more risky than cooperative and savings, but also higher returns. They found some evidence for the too-big-to-fail phenomenon, privately-owned banks decreasing their capital buffer as they grow larger. Overall, the findings gave important insights for supervisors and regulators in charge of banks of different ownership types, especially of applying different stability indexes, as they might give different results, depending on if they focus on, different moments of the distribution or particular risks, example lending risks. Data: The sample of reference entities consist of individual banks and the observation cover the period from1994 to 2008 for a twelve European countries which are Germany, Italy, France, Greece, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Finland, Belgium, Austria, Portugal, Ireland, and Spain. The data is available from Bangor university blackboard website. In our study we used three variables from the available data to measure the risk for German banks (about 2640 banks) and European banks (about 2515 banks). Methodology: The purpose here is to measure three types of risks; liquidity risk, credit risk and market risk. In order to measure the liquidity risk we use the liquid variable which represents a ratio of liquid assets to total assets, this ratio is useful to determine the size of liquid assets to total asset which can be converted into cash quickly, and it reflects the liquidity position of the bank. On the other hand we used the llpl variable which represents the loan loss provision to total loans ratio that captures the credit risk of the banks, it is helpful because it reflects the banks ability to recover its default loans (Hlawatsch Ostrowski 2009).while in measuring market risk we used the ratio: { 1-(equity + deposits)/total assets} as the third variable, it represents the market proportion in financing assets in the bank (i.e. if the bank want to increase finance we use three type of sources equity, deposit and market by borrowing from other banks) , it is an indirect measure but stil l it gives us a clear idea about the effect of market risk in the bank . When dealing with the data we chose to divide the period from 1994 to 2008 into three intervals, this segmentation meant to take into account tow major actions that may result in having effects on the European banks; the first action is the establishment of the European Union in 1999 and the second is the last financial crisis that start from united states and hit all over the world. Therefore we had an interval from 1994 to 1998, followed by an interval from 1999 to 2005 and from 2006 to 2008. We investigated all data under our chosen variables. After that we calculate the average values of our variables for every bank during the specified period and compare the mean of the averages between German banks and European banks (Non German) for every period. We preferred to calculate the average value for bank per se in sake of getting more smooth distribution for the tow populations. Then we exclude outliers using the simple classical approach to screen them by using the Standard Deviation method, it is defined as: 2 SD Method: x ÂÂ ± 2 SD; the observations outside these intervals are considered as an outliers (Songwon Seo 2006). And then we run unpaired T-test (one tail) to check the equivalence of the means for the two populations (German banks and non German banks) for every variable in the three determined period, we assumed that both populations will approximately follow the normal distribution for the reason of large size of our sample, and we got unequal variances between populations for all variables in the periods so we operate T-test with unpaired and unequal conditions in order to get a valid test (Stata 10 ÂÂ  produces Satterthwaites or Welchs approximation for the degree of freedom). As well as the two populations are independent. Results and Discussions: Based on Stata result, first we describe the data (see table 1) and then we run T-test for independent samples with unequal variances (we test the variances equivalence using F-test). For all tests we run we have the null hypothesis that says both populations are equal in the mean of the specified measure of the risk. First we test the credit risk using llpl ratio during the three intervals, in the first period we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that means the mean average of loan loss provision to total assets for German banks is significantly less than the mean of European banks(see table2), and also in the following two periods we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that says the mean of loan loss provision for German banks is significantly greater than European banks(see tables 45). Second we test the liquidity risk using liquid ratio during the same periods, for the three tests we reject the null hypothesis and acce pt the alternative hypothesis that declares the mean of liquid assets to total assets in German banks is significantly less than the mean of European banks(see tables 567). Finally we test the market risk using the proportion of the market (interbank market) in the total assets and for three tests we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative that provide the mean of market proportion in German banks assets is significantly less than the mean of European banks (see tables 8910). The mean values of three risk measures across the three periods are stated in the following table (values are in percentages): German banks: period Before the European integration After the European integration an before last financial crisis During the last financial crisis Risk measure Loan loss provision to total loans .8403876 .7747105 1.005803 Liquid assets to total assets 14.90594 15.40948 17.46113 Market proportion in the total assets . .0756065 .0697405 .0690318 For European banks: period Before the European integration After the European integration an before last financial crisis During the last financial crisis Risk measure Loan loss provision to total loans 1.457796 1.005803 .5611184 Liquid assets to total assets 37.15308 30.54644 30.0822 Market proportion in the total assets .1314926 .1672181 .1185017 Conclusion: According to the above explanation German banks have higher liquidity risk than European competitors while they are less exposure to the credit risk especially during the last financial crisis, except in the period before the European integration was more risky than European competitors. In addition, German banks are less exposure to the market risk, that means European competitors are depend on market finance, hence the German banks they face less risky from the market risk (this case refers to the high regulation by the state particularly after European integration when the competition increased). My opinion, German banks are not riskier than European competitors because its focus on long-term loans that is possible to face difficult to liquidate asset, but this problem solved by taking large proportion of loan loss provision to compensate any credit risk and liquidity risk, because credit default lead to liquidation asset. However, the current literature as we discuses above suggest that Germany me face some economic problems.

36 Point Tok Essay - 1908 Words

Theory of Knowledge Essay on prescribed title Word Count: 1587 Date: January 2008 [This essay scored 36/40 : an A grade. MF ] â€Å"History is always on the move, slowly eroding today’s orthodoxy and making space for yesterday’s heresy.† Discuss the extent to which this claim applies to history and at least one other area of knowledge. In order to find out if the claim applies to the areas of knowledge history and chemistry I will break the question down in three parts. Firstly I ask if history and chemistry move. Secondly I question if it erodes today’s orthodoxy and finally I consider if yesterday’s heresy takes over. In my opinion the claim applies to some extent to history and to a great extent to chemistry. Are history†¦show more content†¦Since scientific revolutions are difficult to date, we do not know when they started or ended exactly. Thus, one can assume that it is not possible to determine if the commonly accepted changed. Does yesterday’s heresy take over? History can change when new facts are discovered. More information about a historical event is available and therefore new knowledge. This allows us to describe an event in the past more accurately. An example of the discovery of new facts is the DNA analyzer. This new research method can reveal details about the Neanderthal DNA.[9] The analyzer allows researchers to find out the entire DNA sequence of the closest cousin humans ever had. The ability to reconstruct prehistoric DNA enables scientists to find out what relationship existed between Neanderthals and the first modern humans. â€Å"Such a feat, deemed impossible even a few years ago†[10] This implies that yesterday’s heresy has been replaced by today’s orthodoxy. Nevertheless, there are examples of events where yesterday’s heresy did not take over. The Armenian Genocide is one of them. This change in history is caused by a different focus of interest from the involved parties. The Armenian genocide can be defined as â€Å"the atrocities committed against the Armenian people of the Ottoman Empire during W.W.I .†[11] It is in the interest of the Armenians to display the events that happened between 1915 and 1918 as genocide, because they want

Anxiety And Its Affect On Academic Achievement Essay

Anxiety and Its Affect on Academic Achievement Roger Morales University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Abstract Anxiety is a common occurrence today especcially among students in a college or university. Even though there has been some studies into anxiety and how it affects a person s academic achievement there needs to be more done in order to know better the relationship between them. Self questionnaires will be handed out to all participants who agreed to participate and their academic progress will be monitored during the course of the study in order to determine what kind of relationship there is between anxiety and academic achievement. Anxiety and Its Affect on Academic Achievement In society today anxiety is a fairly common occurrence. Almost everyone has anxiety in one form or another. For a lot of people anxiety is often viewed as something negative impacting their lives. Anxiety for a lot of people can make an experience a negative one. Anxiety can have negative impacts on a person s life and that means it can also have a negative effect in the classroom. Anxiety is often part of the learning process. Usually there is not much thought into how social anxiety plays a role in the learning process. Social anxiety can discourage students to engage in and prevent them from learning. What effects anxiety has on academic achievement are not always readily apparent but they can have a negative influence on academic performance. 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Introduction to a Critical Evaluation of the Psychological...

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Piaget’s theory is based on stages, whereby each stage represents a qualitatively different type of thinking. Children in stage one cannot think the same as children in stage 2, 3 or 4 etc. Transitions from one stage to another are generally very fast, and the stages always follow an invariant sequence. Another important characteristic of his stage theory is that they are universal; the stages will work for everyone in the world regardless of their differences Piaget acknowledged that there is an interaction between a child and the environment, and this is a focal point for his theory. He believed a child cannot learn unless they are constantly interacting with their environment, making†¦show more content†¦Vygotsky believed that the internalization of these tools led to higher thinking skills. Suggested that the interaction is not important at all; the child will learn when encouraged to with an adult’s assistance. Many schools have traditionally held a transmissionist or instructionist model in which a teacher or lecturer ‘transmits’ information to students. In contrast, Vygotsky’s theory promotes learning contexts in which students play an active role in learning. Roles of the teacher and student are therefore shifted, as a teacher should collaborate with his or her students in order to help facilitate meaning construction in students. Learning therefore becomes a reciprocal experience for the students and teacher. Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development: Like Piaget, Erik Erikson maintained that children develop in a predetermined order. Instead of focusing on cognitive development, however, he was interested in how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and successful interactions with others. Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time. Stages are not at all a popular concept among

Malcolm X s Influence On Society - 1391 Words

ADOLECENT YEARS Malcolm X had accomplished many achievements throughout his time as a religious, fellow activist, however, it had never been something simple to do. Throughout his younger years, he had always been in a battle with race, religion, and who exactly he identified himself to be. When Malcolm’s parents, Earl and Louis Little, had been expecting on the arrival for Malcolm’s birth, Earl had been threatened precisely by many white supremacist groups, causing their family to relocate many times in search for safety. A few years after, in the year 1931, Malcolm’s father had been in an accident that was suspicioned to be an actual murder held by the white supremacist (Munir, 2015). Malcolm and the rest of his family were left with†¦show more content†¦This, and other prison members had shown him the way of life and persuaded Malcolm into joining the Nation of Islam. It was until his release in 1952 that he decided to change his legal last name from â€Å"Littleâ⠂¬  to â€Å"X† as an honor to his ancestors (Malcolm X, 2016). Little did he know that these changes would soon have such a tremendous impact. THE NATION OF ISLAM The Nation of Islam was founded by Wallace Fard in the 1930’s (Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam). It was claimed by Fard that Islam was much more related towards the African roots compared to any other religion, therefore, whoever had identified as a part of the NOI had practiced their membership by worshiping Allah as their god, and accepted Muhammed as their prophet. The group attracted many followers who were mainly branded as African Americans in search for direction. The NOI was focused on black pride, and black nationalisms, allowing them to be known as black Muslims. In the 1950’s, when Malcolm had been involved with the NOI, he had demonstrated an increasing leadership role within the movement and became known as the most active advocate. He further later became a minister of two temples in two different locations. He first became a minister of Temple No. 7 in Harlem, and then in Temple No. 11 in Boston while also discovering new temples in Harford and Philade lphia as wellShow MoreRelatedMalcolm X And Mia Mckenzie1035 Words   |  5 Pages For years problems in society and ethics have existed in America, among these problems, many great thinkers have emerged, but two of the most influential of this century are Malcolm X and Mia McKenzie. Malcolm X was one of many civil rights leaders during the 1960’s, who alongside Martin Luther King Jr. was able to bring an end to the segregation laws of the United States. Mia McKenzie is an African American writer who has written countless books, and addresses the issues of racism, queernessRead MoreA Man And A Doll. Society As A Unit, Has Been Pushing Towards1475 Words   |  6 PagesA Man and a Doll Society as a unit, has been pushing towards the ideal state of living throughout most of history. People had used symbols and ideas to get points across to help push and fix where society has holes to further integrate the perfect principles that will then replace social norms, and break through what once was a flawed belief system. the social rights activist Malcom X was one of these icons who fought to create a better world for African Americans. The child s toy Barbie, was aRead MoreDifferences Between Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 1960’s Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X represented two sides of the Civil Rights Movement. Speaking to all of humanity, Dr. King made these famous peaceful words, â€Å"I have a dream, a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal† (King, 1963, para 10). Malcolm X spoke of a violent revolution by claiming, â€Å"If it’s necessary to form a Black Nationalist army, we’llRead MoreMalcolm X And The Ballot Or The Bullet1557 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1960’s, in America, was a time of cultural and racial divide. This sentiment is no more evident than in Malcolm X’s â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet† speech. In this speech, Malcolm X demanded that his audience should take action against their government leaders. He proposed that there were only two options to resolve this issue, the ballot or the bullet. Malcolm X delivered this iconic speech on April 3rd, 1964 at Cory Methodist Church in Cleveland, Ohio (Novak 35; Terrill 35). This meeting was sponsoredRead MoreMartin Malcolm : A Dream Or A Nightmare951 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Martin Malcolm America Peace† If one man never steps forward to show all the others that change is possible, nothing will ever change. When you look back at history of the American civil rights movement, Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. are still often two of the first names even someone of today’s society may think of. They were, and still are, some of the most influential men to ever live. As young African-American men living during a time of harsh global, but most importantlyRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1624 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the early 1950’s and 1960’s, the civil rights movement defined how African Americans progressed from being considered second class citizens to a unified demographic who became more endowed to handle the high tensions between them and the white segregationists. After World War II, protests began to rise between the 1950’s and 1960’s. The large number of blacks that served in the military or worked in the war industry saw that they had a greater place in the world than they had been given inRead MoreMalcolm X was a Symbol of the Civil Rights Movement1573 Words   |  6 Pagesprepare for it today.† Malcolm X The 1920’s, or the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, was a time in American history described as the â€Å"Wild West†. Prohibition brought controversy and anarchy to the once civilized American society, with mobs and gangs at the peak of their power with leaders such as Al Capone supplying alcohol and guns to the public. This was also a time of heightened racial segregation, with boundaries being set such as only white bathrooms and schools. Malcolm (X) Little was born in thisRead MoreA Brief Biography of Malcolm X698 Words   |  3 PagesMay 19, 1925 in the small town of Omaha, Nebraska. Malcolm Little was born to Louise Little and Earl Little. Little did they know that their son would change the future for African-Americans. Malcolm had a rough childhood due to the fact that he lived during the time of racism between African-Americans and Caucasians. Malcolm was treated a little different, because the color of his skin. Malcolm was lighter than his other siblings. Malcolm was treated badly by African-Americans, because theyRead MoreWhose Filosophy Made the Most Sense for Merica in the 1960s? Malcom X or Martin Luther King Jr.?1036 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X grew up in different environments. King was raised in a comfortable middle-class family where education was crucial, and Malcolm X came from a family of low class. He was a self-taught man who received little schooling and became who he is on his own. Martin Luther King was born into a good family. Despite segregation, Martin Luther King s parents tried everything so that he could be secure and happy. He was a smart student and skipped two grades before enteringRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1276 Words   |   6 Pagesof Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley, and Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody sheds light on how principles of ambition, pride, and faith throughout their lives paved individual paths for revolutionary success. Troubling upbringings as seen in both of their lives eventually instilled a drive that ultimately revolutionized America’s perspective of racial equality. Their worldview grows to encompass humanity as one and is developed alongside their spiritual and cultural inquiry. Malcolm X was

Culture and Civilization Free Essays

Culture and Civilization According to anthropologists of 19th century, Culture is earlier and Civilization is later. Everything created by man is culture, civilization is an advanced state of cultural development. Culture developed in three stages: Savagery Barbarianism Civilization (Acts of cruel and violent behavior) (Extremely cruel and unpleasant behavior) Alfred Louis Kroeber said Culture is super organic, he has given three forms of culture namely Social Culture (Status and Role), Value Culture (Philosophy, Morals) and Reality Culture (Science and Technology, etc). We will write a custom essay sample on Culture and Civilization or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Kroeber civilization is a part of reality culture. Robert Redfield said culture is a totality of traditions and civilization is a totality of great and little traditions. Culture: The collective appearance of customs, faith, art, language, way of thinking and way of living of a particular group of people. And civilization is the developed part, when different cultures meet. Difference between Culture and Civilization, Sociologists View Culture| Civilization| Culture includes religion, art philosophy, literature, music, dance, etc. hich brings satisfaction and pleasure to many. It is the expression of final aspects of life. | Civilization includes all those things by means of which some other objective is attained. Type writers, motors, etc. come under this category. Civilization consists of technology or the authority of man over natural phenomenon as well as social technology which control man’s behavior. | Culture is what we are. | Civilization is what we have. | Culture has no standard of measurement because it is an end in itself. Civilization has a precised standard of measurement. The universal standard of civilization is utility because civilization is a means. | Culture cannot be said to be advancing. It cannot be asserted that the art, literature, thoughts are ideals of today’s and superior to those of past. | Civilization is always advancing. The various constituents of civilizations namely machines, means of transportation, communication, etc. are constantly progressive. | Culture is internal and an end. It is related to internal thoughts, feelings, ideals, values, etc. It is like the soul of an individual. | Civilization is external and a means. It is the means for the expression and manifestation of the grandness, it is like the body of an individual. | Difference between Culture and Civilization, Anthropologists View Culture| Civilization| All societies have culture. | Only a few societies have civilization. | Culture is earlier. | Civilization is later. | Culture is pre-condition for civilization to develop. | Civilization represents a stage of cultural advancement. | Culture is super organic. Civilization is a part of reality culture. | Culture is a totality of traditions. | Civilization is a totality of great and little traditions. | Culture Vs Civilization Firstly, civilization in theory is bigger than culture in which an entire civilization can encompass one single unit of culture. Civilization is a bigger unit than culture because it is a complex aggregate of the society that dwells within a certain area, along with its forms of government, norms, and even culture. Thus, culture is just a spec or a portion of an entire civilization. For example, the Egyptian civilization has an Egyptian culture in the same way as the Greek civilization has their Greek culture. A culture ordinarily exists within a civilization. In this regard, each civilization can contain not only one but several cultures. Comparing culture and civilization is like showing the difference between language and the country to which it is being used. Culture can exist in itself whereas civilization cannot be called a civilization if it does not possess a certain culture. It’s just like asking how a nation can exist on its own without the use of a medium of communication. Hence, a civilization will become empty if it does not have its culture, no matter how little it is. Culture can be something that is tangible and it can also be something that isn’t. Culture can become a physical material if it is a product of the beliefs, customs and practices of a certain people with a definite culture. But a civilization is something that can be seen as a whole and it is more or less tangible although its basic components, like culture, can be mmaterial. Culture can be learned and in the same manner it can also be transmitted from one generation to the next. Using a medium of speech and communication, it is possible for a certain type of culture to evolve and even be inherited by another group of people. On the other hand, civilization cannot be transferred by mere language alone. Because of its complexity and magnitude, you need to transfer all of the raw aggregates of a civilization for it to be entirely passed on. It just grows, degrades and may eventually end if all its subunits will fail. Summary: 1. Culture is by definition smaller than a civilization. 2. Culture can grow and exist without residing in a formal civilization whereas a civilization will never grow and exist without the element of culture. 3. Culture can be tangible or intangible whereas civilization is something that is more tangible because it is what you see as a whole 4. Culture can be transmitted through symbols in the form of language whereas an entire civilization cannot be transmitted by mere language alone. How to cite Culture and Civilization, Essay examples

A Study Of The American Revolutions Beginnings free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Indicating the finger of incrimination at any one state when speech production of war is a hard undertaking. Each state must take duty in the beginning of the struggle. Although there is neer one state responsible for get downing warfare there is an sentiment that one side is more at mistake for it s beginnings. From an early age, kids in America are taught that the British were responsible for forcing the settlements to arise and declare independency from their female parent state. When looking at both sides of the statement I still believe the British were to fault for lighting the fires of revolution. Many people will reason that the British were just in the intervention of the early American Settlers and provided for them as they did for their countrymen staying in England. In my sentiment the settlements were thought of as nil more than an early twenty-four hours perspiration store. By this, I mean that the settlers were fundamentally used to work the land to supply harvests which were usually imported from other states to England. Since they were considered Englishmans and their lands considered belongings of the Crown, the British could go through Torahs taking from them their basic rights as work forces. The British idea of the settlers as their primary plus in their pattern of mercantile system, which at times may hold been profitable for the settlers. Ultimately it became a primary ground for the beginning of societal agitation among the early Americans. The settlers were similar kids who were told that if they don t disturb their parents they could make anything they wanted. While when it became convenient the parents, Britain, came in and started seting limitations on them. As many in their place, the settlers rebelled against the new found involvement in the societies they labored to construct, that for so long went unnoticed. The undermentioned paragra phs will explicate in item how Britain s disregard of the American settlements and it s usage of them lead to the war. In order to understand why the settlers felt threatened by British control, we must foremost cognize who these early people were and what they looked to carry through by settling this huge new state. The laminitiss of what we now know as the United States were in-between category Englishmen and adult females. These people took a great hazard by go forthing the security of their fatherland to an unsure hereafter in the New World. There was no promise of even lasting through their first winter. Regardless of the obstructions confronting them, these people pressed frontward in hunt of economic and spiritual freedom. Freedom from a state, whose Kings and Parliament would frequently assure alterations, so would mistreat those alterations for personal addition. To get away from this volatile authorities and to prosecute their dreams many fled to the New World to put up their ideal settlements. The primary end of these voyagers was to setup communities that would supply a topographic point for their spiritual beliefs to turn and the possibility of doing a life for themselves financially. Britain, like many great powers during this clip believed in the pattern of mercantile system. Steming from this belief, the Navigation Acts were established to modulate trade in the favour of the British. For a considerable sum of clip, these patterns were seldom enforced among the settlers. In fact up until 1963 when the Gallic and Indian war ended the Americans were allowed to develop their settlements with small intervention from the female parent state. During this clip a great precipice was organizing between the beliefs of the settlers and that of Britain. With the sign language of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, meaning the terminal of the Seven-Year war brought attending back to the settlements. By this clip the settlements have been booming and have become a big provider of baccy, rice and sugar, which England usually imported from other states. Southern plantations began merchandising with other states and going highly affluent in the procedure. Meanwhile the settlers in the North grew economically every bit good. The North was an of import trading centre every bit good as a provider of sea harvested goods. Due to the increasing prosperity of the settlements and the fact that France was no longer a menace brought back the unwanted attending of Britain. In the theory of mercantile system, a settlement is a primary plus. They can both bring forth merchandises non found in the female parent state and vouch a market for the state s exported goods. Although some settlers in America benefited from this system many did non. After 1763 the co nstabularies refering to this pattern were enforced smartly. Virginia baccy husbandmans were forced to sell their baccy merely to England where they were promised a monopoly, but over clip grew in debt to the same people there were selling to. These one time affluent plantation proprietors were finally forced into mortgaging their hereafter baccy harvests in order to acquire their necessities from England. This led the Virgi nians north to the New England settlements were the flickers of a rebellion were already get downing to blaze. The North suffered as good under the regulations brought approximately in the constabularies of mercantile system. Since trade was a major industry in the North their economic system suffered by non being permitted to merchandise with other states. Because the settlements were considered portion of Britain basically they were non supposed to be competition against them. The settlers were enraged that after so many old ages of being given freedom to council over their people and command their ain trade, that Britain would step in like a absent parent to put down the jurisprudence. In order to derive more control over the settlements both politically and financially the British sent over George Grenville. Not known for his delicacy, Grenville shortly created enemies among the settlers. In 1765, he levied the Stamp Act among the people. This was a gross jurisprudence that required all newspapers, booklets, legal paperss, commercial measures, advertizements, and other documents issued in the settlements to bear a cast. The monies collected from revenue enhancements gathered were to be used for colonial defence. The settlers didn t understand why now, after all these old ages, a revenue enhancement was required to pay for protection. Since there was no menace from France, the settlements didn t feel at that place was a ground for the revenue enhancement. Most affected by the revenue enhancement were the attorneies, business communities, merchandisers, and other powerful people such as Samuel Adams. To protest the unjust revenue enhancement a conference was formed called the Sons of Liberty. By endangering a boycott of English goods and by declining to import English goods the Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766. Many people were outraged at the fact that Britain could revenue enhancement the settlements without being represented in the Parliament. Settlers were prophesying that there is No revenue enhancement without representation, a basic right given to any Englishmen. Since they were 1000s of stat mis off and considered English citizens, there was a belief that they were virtually represented. They were told by the Parliament that they could non give the settlements control over their ain revenue enhancement. This is precisely what the settlers were making before the English regained involvement in the New World. This bend of events began the settlers believing approximately political independency from England. Within a twelvemonth of revoking the Stamp Act, the Parliament passed another gross jurisprudence by the name of the Townshend Acts. The settlers were once more faced with a revenue enhancement puting responsibilities on imports of glass, lead, pigments, paper, and tea. As with the Stamp Act this did non travel over good with the settlers. Again the settlers were taxed without representation and reacted as they did earlier. Boston Merchants once more boycotted English goods. The settlers needed the support of one another to conflict against this new unfairness. To beat up the settlers together the Massachusetts Assembly circulated a missive explicating the state of affairs and inquiring for aid. Because of this action, the Assembly was dissolved in 1768. To implement these Torahs and maintain the peace among the ireful public, British military personnels were sent in. Due to lifting tensenesss created by the Britain s new Torahs the population began to torture the military personnels . Finally on March 5, 1770 the unthinkable happened. In the streets of Boston, British military personnels fired into a rioting crowd killing five people and injuring others. Because of the Boston Massacre the people were pushed over the border. Many who teetered on the between trueness to the Crown and a revolution were now looking to the North for counsel. The settlers were now on their manner to revolting against England. It was no longer spiritual freedom the settlers were seeking ; they were now looking to accomplish a political freedom from a state that idea of them as nil more as cattles to be milked. Basic rights given to all English countrymen were now being with held from the settlers. In the old ages to follow, Britain would repeatedly take from the settlers until eventually there was nil more to make but arise. To state that Britain was wholly at mistake for the beginning of the American Revolution is inaccurate. However, in this instance it is obvious that Britain was wholly na ve for leting the settlers the freedom to interrupt away from England s political and societal construction. Once given that infinite to experiment the settlers developed their ain involvements and beliefs. The Americans merely reacted to the new limitations placed on them, which were wholly foreign to what they had become accustom. Had England, from the beginning, taken control of the settlements we would most probably be talking with British speech patterns. If you raise a kid without regulations and ordinances in the earlier old ages of their life and so topographic point curfews on them, do them pay rent and state them who their friends are what do you anticipate to go on? Revolution. Personally, I would put the incrimination on the parent.

Implementation of IT Oman Oil Company - Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Implementation of IT for Oman Oil Company. Answer: Introduction The report depicts the requirements of data and information that are needed to conduct a business in the competitive marketplace for the selected organization namely as Oman oil marketing Company. The report will illustrate the valuable constraints required for the development of the business. Usage of data and information required to conduct business in Oman oil marketing company The organization is started in the year of 2003 and it is the single 100% Omani owned fuels marketing companies in Oman. The company is headquartered in Muscat, Oman. The company itself is owned and is operated by the Omanis (Oman-oil.com 2016). The commercial business suppliers involve in the marketing and fuel and lubricants products are operated in different sectors. In order to improve the business structure certain specific strategies are needed to be involved. Considering the economic sector of the organization certain emerging technologies from the business context should be added to the traditional business model of Oman oil marketing organization. Business information system From the current analysis it has been come to the spotlight that in order to achieve rapid business growth in terms of fuel marketing plans Oman Oil Company is going live with Oracle Hyperion system. In order to achieve combination of flexible financial and management data throughout the company has adopted the financial management portfolio of Oracle (Al Hatmi and Tan 2013). The data analysis capabilities will increase at a large rate after involving consolidation and reporting tools to it (Refer to Appendix 1). The current market revenue of the company can be determined from the business analysis of the company. The mission, vision and goal of the organization basically set the business future of the business. Mission Vision Strategy The mission of the company is to make continuous engagement of the consumers to enhance the stakeholders value (Looney 2013). The value is needed to be increased with static growth in the business strategies and convenient innovation in the products of the company to attract superior consumers from throughout the world. The vision of the company is to make preferable choices which would be able to deliver best quality products with a friendly service. In order to enhance the business benefit the organization is involving many technologies that might help it to obtain greater brand value from the competitive business market (Al-Shubiri 2015). The concept of big data has transformed the traditional functionalities of the oil company. Apart from this, the social marketing sights also enhance the customer relationship management by incorporating big data analytical tools (Rajasekar 2013). Therefore, it can be said that, Business information systems act as a boundary spanning study relevant to ICT that helps to improve the commercial backbone of Oman oil marketing company. Figure 1: Market revenue of Oman oil marketing company (Source: Salim and Saci 2014, pp-91) Electronic business In order to achieve success in the oils marketing industry Oman Oil Company is firmly concentrating on the customer focused electronic business where the consumers can get attracted to their products through the help of the electronic medium (Salim and Saci 2014). Two major phases are involved to the electronic business of Oman oil marketing company. According to the business need the marketing phases are formed. These are as followed: Oil electronic Customer Chain (OECC): This is the first phase of electronic business of Oman Oil Marketing Company where, a model is developed by the developing team of the company (Al-Quwaitai and Krishnan 2016). The company is developing the models in order to achieve a best suited IT based Electronic structure for the company. Over 36 IT based solutions processes can be achieved from the OECC model. The electronic business solutions are needed to be adopted as theses are required to accelerate the adopted IT methodologies. Pattern Analysis: This is the second phase of the E-business policies adopted by Oman oil marketing company. Around 20 best of the oil producing companies all over the world, are adopting the OEEC model in order to achieve the IT solutions during the electronic marketing of the company (Minnee et al. 2013). Pattern analysis is nothing but the categorization of three phases which are again divided into 36 IT solutions. Which pattern of the model should be feasible to the company is measured by pattern analysis. Implementation of ERP An investigation rather a worldwide oil industry based survey, resultant that the future of Oman Oil Company in E-marketing is very feasible due to the adaptation of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system (Oman-oil.com 2016). ERP allows Oman Oil Company to accommodate some of the best business practices. ERP provides several opportunities that help the company to run the business smoothly. According to Looney (2013), due to daily basis dynamic changes in the business ERP adaptation is very helpful to Oman Oil Company. In order to increase the operational efficiency Oman Oil Company is adopting Big Corporate Houses and Business Intelligence Solutions. The factors such as - Marketing and sales, HR management team, Inventory management system, shipping and manufacturing measurement come under consideration while implementing ERP (Refer to Appendix 2). Rajasekar (2013) stated that, Oman Oil Marketing Company is adopting the latest Oracle enterprise resource planning system to improve the business efficiency and to spread awareness among the users of the company. SAP is also incorporating in Oman Oil Company. Figure 2: ERP system of Oman Oil Company (Source: Palanissamy 2014, pp-110) Need of CRM Currently most of the companies are adopting CRM software system to establish potential relationship between the consumers and service providers (Palanissamy 2014). The CRM software system is offered by Ledgeview Partners to Oman Oil Company. The Oil industry is facing dynamic changes and pattern analysis gives opportunities to the company to choose the best suited CRM for them (Refer to Appendix 3). The company focuses on user friendly services so that they could engage more number of consumers and can hold the existing consumers. In traditional system the clients had to make face to face communication and the transaction process was also very long. In CRM there is an option of online transactions which is quite quick and secures (Rahimzadeh et al. 2015). The Company has adopted Microsoft CRM system to maintain the specified features: 1. Back office Accounting 2. Dashboard reporting 3. Cross sell 4. Notification on the price of the fuel 5. Opportunities in business processes 6. Digital access 7. Wallet management 8. Setting objectives 9. Stationary management Figure 3: CRM system of Oman Oil Company (Source: Rajasekar 2013, pp-140) Analysis of dashboard during marketing of Oman Oil Company Dashboard management system is utilized by Oman Oil Marketing Company. In this system the managerial team can search for all the requirements at a glance (Al-Shubiri 2015). The sales, marketing, Human Resource management system and the production of the company managed by a database system and the managerial team monitor all these sectors. Oman Oil marketing Company is adopting dashboard management system which is mainly a geographical interface that shows the overall marketing strategy of the company (Varghese et al. 2016). The dashboard management system of the company is also referred to as the key performance indicator which enables the manager of the company to monitor and compare the key performance. The dashboard also helps the company to find out more target marketing (Refer to Appendix 6). Security techniques ensured by Oman Oil Company Oman Oil Company is adopting different software to ensure the security in terms of application of ICT management system within the organization. Cyber attack is increasing in a rapid rate in the oil industry of Oman. The factors that come under consideration during the analysis processes are as followed: Security: From a current survey it has been found that, Omani oil industry is affected by different viral attacks. Thus, the company is adopting ERP management system to reduce the number of cyber attacks throughout the world. Accuracy: CRM and ERP management systems are adopting by the company to make the consumer service more loyal and flexible. Liability: As the back office functions will be automated, management can concentrate on increasing the safety of the workers (Refer to Appendix 5). Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that the Oman Oil company has turned into emerging Information and Communication Technologies in order to face tough challenges in the oils and gas industry of Oman and throughout the world. In the context of upstream and downstream, fragmentation are generated during the operations of oil industries. 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